Analysis on Guy de Maupassant’s The Necklace Essay

There is a great deal in keeping and evoking good and rational values. This is the chief lesson of that famous short story titled ‘The Necklace’ written by Guy de Maupassant (1) in the late Eighteenth Century. This short story tells about the proud-turned-tragic life of Madame Mathilde Loisel who dreams of an aristocratic status in life so that she would be able to experience the patrician lifestyle of some of her Parisian female friends. The life of Madame Mathilde Loisel shares a moral story that one has to have the right and proper moral values in order not to be blinded by empty materialism and pompous luxurious lifestyle. This means that there are more valuable intangible things in life that cannot be acquired by money; they can only be obtained by having rational insights and principles in life. These precious things are our human values. Human values cannot be measured by any material or monetary estimation, nor can they be taken away so easily like any commodities in the market. This means that if one possessed the right and rational values, he/she cannot be deceived by any fine and worldly things. But this does not mean that one has to denounce materialism totally. Â  The Necklace (Maupassant 5) centers on the covetous life of Madame Mathilde Loisel who is not satisfied with her middleclass position in life. Her secret sorrow is her not having all the material lavishness she desires around her. She hates the impoverished people who worked their bodies like animal just to eat three times a day. Most of the time, she spends the day thinking herself as a wealthy chatelaine who basks in the praises and admiration of people around her. She wants to be the center of attraction, and the only way to achieve this is to have expensive and luxurious garments and jewelry. Â  Madame Mathilde Loisel’s husband, Monsieur, cannot satisfy her desire in life since the latter’s salary as a clerk in the Ministry of Public Instruction is not enough to even buy her an expensive evening dress for a ballroom party. The night that changed her life forever comes when her husband receives an invitation to an official social gathering at the Ministry. Stricken by her desire to be the center of attraction at the said party, Madame Loisel is troubled because she has no appropriate elegant outfit and ornaments for the party. Luckily, her husband buys her a new dress taken from his own savings, while she borrows a stunning diamond necklace from her friend, Madame Jeanne Forestier. That night, Madame Loisel catches the attention of all the guests and even high-ranking officials because of her beauty. She enjoys the fleeting moment as the center of attraction at the dance party. However, her tragedy begins upon realizing that her diamond necklace is missing. They try to look for the missing necklace but to no avail. Â  Because of her lingering pride, the Loisel couple decides to purchase a matching diamond necklace as replacement for the lost necklace of her friend. The new diamond necklace that worth thirty-four thousand francs costs Madame Loisel her entire inheritance and the couple also incur huge debts. As a result, Monsieur and Madame Loisel have to work extra jobs in order to make both ends meet. After ten years, Madame Loisel is now older, shabbier, and less refined from a decade of physical work. Still proud and appearing tough, Madame Loisel still has the audacity to her old associates that she had once lost a diamond necklace. In the end, she is deeply depressed when she is informed by Madame Forestier that the long lost necklace is just a replication costing not more than five hundred francs. Had it not been for her covetousness and immodest desire for finer things, Madame Loisel would not have suffered her sorry fate. Her story is never new to people during her time, much more to people in this contemporary era. Today most people live beyond their means just to please others, or just to show others that they can afford to buy trendy stuff and hi-tech gadgets like cell phones and gaming gizmos. This only means that one has to have the rational and proper values so as not to be blinded by things of material value. These values may include industry, patience, humility, discipline, contentment, respect for others, and sense of self. People like Madame Loisel lack most of these good, rational qualities. If Madame Loisel only had the right values, she would have been content of what she has. But make no mistake, it is not wrong to desire for material things as long as you have the capacity to obtain them. To a person with proper values, he/she will have to work first before coveting for material objects around him/her. Â  One has to be patient in his/her work. If one wants a particular product displayed in a fashion boutique, he/she has to work hard for it. Having the right values, a person cannot be easily swayed by the tempting material luxuries around him— what he will do is to take it as an inspiration to improve his status in life. Reference: De Maupassant, Guy. The Necklace. Dramatic Publishing,

Secret River

Shaira Sanchez 05/09/12 Shaira Sanchez 05/09/12 The Secret River by Kate Grenville Essay Explain the way that narrative devices have been employed by an author to construct a representation of people or places in at least one text that you have studied. You must make specific reference to â€Å"The Secret River. † One of Australia’s finest writers Kate Grenville wrote The Secret River which challenges traditional gender roles of women in the early nineteenth century London and Australia.The novel has challenged the female stereotype in a patriarchal society through the strong female character of Sal Thornhill. Sal has been the brains of her family through their tough times in London and their settlement in Sydney. Sal is the wife of William Thornhill, a convict. The memory of how the gentry treated Thornhill pushed him to work himself up into the foreign land of Australia to become like that gentleman he had served once back in London, in the water of Thames–the one with the power and the one who looked down on him who represents the working class.His determination to set off a space for himself in the foreign land eventually placed him and some of the settlers in direct opposition to the Aboriginal people by their desire to finally have control on their own lives. The use of a wide range of narrative devices in The Secret River has vividly taken the readers back to the nineteenth century where power and wealth determines a man’s position in the society. Sal Thornhill has been constructed in The Secret River as a strong female character who challenges traditional gender roles in the early nineteenth century–mainly when women were biologically, socially and intellectually inferior.Although Sal was raised in a quite comfortable lifestyle, she still has managed to cope with the tragic events in her life as a mother and as a wife. We see through Thornhill’s limited omniscient point of view that Sal would have to â€Å"brig hten herself up† because they both knew that Sal would have to offer her service in the cold streets of London to support her family’s financial needs, while Thornhill was convicted for theft. Sal’s staggering sacrifices did not just end in London.Her character even became stronger when they settled in a place that nothing Thornhill had ever seen–where â€Å"trees were tortured formless things† that looked half dead and when Christmas was during the hot days of summer. Women in that time were normally perceived as housekeepers and child-bearers. However, Sal did not just take care of her family emotionally and physically, but financially as well â€Å"At the end of each week Sal would count up the takings, from Thornhill’s work on the water and from her own selling liquor, and hide them away in a box. † which is evident through the descriptive language used.As a migrant myself, I understood Sal’s attitude towards the new environ ment that she was in. It wasn’t a part of her plan, but she accepted the circumstances and lived with it half-heartedly. Although her heart was always reminding her of ‘Home’, her mind and body still endured the harsh conditions, all for her family. It wasn’t the usual approach of women back in the nineteenth century to stand up for her family instead of the husband. However, Sal’s character was constructed to challenge the representation of women during that time by being the provider and the child-bearer all at once.Sal, her family, and the other settlers encountered the ‘otherness’ once they arrived in Sydney–which had two different representations as a race in The Secret River. Australia was not an empty land when the Thornhills and the white settlers arrived. They were not expecting people living in that type of place for thousands of years. These people were as strange as the place through the settlers’ perception. T here was one who hung about the Thornhills’ hut and entertained them, dressed only with a faded-pink bonnet on his head in trade for food and a sip of rum.They called him Scabby Bill who represents the ‘visible’ natives. His drunkenness and his appearance symbolises the detrimental impact of colonialism to the Aboriginals. The other sort of native were the ‘invisible’ ones who stayed away from the settlement. They were represented through Long Jack’s strong character. The settlers did not initially affect them, but they saw them as â€Å"snakes or the spiders, not something that could be guarded against† which symbolises as a threat to their dreams. The blacks, on the other hand had a different view of what the settlers referred to as ‘stealing’.Their belief is that nobody owns the land, not them, not the settlers. This clash of beliefs has lead to the novel’s climax, the massacre, where the ‘invisible’ became ‘visible’. The way Thornhill addresses the natives and were given English names symbolises Thornhill’s attitude being Eurocentric. Thornhill did not want to be engaged to the natives, but he himself implanted the European traditions on them. The settlers did not have the same beliefs towards the blacks, just like the natives were to them which also lead to two different representations–one that respects the ‘otherness’ and one that doesn’t.A huge contrast in the characters was made in the novel between Blackwood and Smasher. Blackwood was described as a huge deep and silent man who had â€Å"a rough dignity about him†. He believed in the concept of â€Å"give a little, take a little† in terms of dealing with the blacks. While Smasher’s appearance was constructed as â€Å"a naked-looking face without eyebrows† and always craves for attention that is evident through his dialogue that he had â€Å"not se en the event (rage) personally† but spreads the story anyway. He believed in the concept of ‘whips and biters’. There was no single respect that was given to the blacks from Smasher.Of all the characters, Blackwood has the greatest knowledge and appreciation of the Aboriginals and even lived with an Aboriginal woman and had a child. Smasher did live with one as well, but he referred to her as his â€Å"black bitch. † Although the settlers had the same hopes of finding a better life in Australia, they still ended up on two different paths due to the contrast on their attitude towards the Aboriginals. William Thornhill’s character was not constructed consistently in The Secret River as his attitudes and values towards Australia and the Aboriginals changed throughout the novel.Through Thornhill’s limited omniscient point of view, we sympathise with him by the way the gentry treated him as a waterman in the lower class. He had worked hard but his efforts were not appreciated, thus, pushed him to steal that lead him in his deportation to Australia. Thornhill and the majority of the convicts found a hope for a better life in Australia. It was what they have always longed for–to own a land, to finally have something they can call their own. Thornhill’s change n values was revealed through his dialogue, â€Å"Forgetting your manners are you, Dan Oldfield† he said to an old friend who he chose as one his servants. He became hungry for power and authority when he had a taste on what it was like to be on top of the others: on top of his fellow settlers, on top of the Aboriginals.Thornhill has spoken to the Aboriginals the way the gentry did to him â€Å"Old Boy, he started. He fancied the sound of that. † Thornhill and some of settlers saw the blacks as a hindrance to their one last chance to achieve their ultimate dream, like when Sagitty suggested to â€Å"get them before they get us. He has been succ essful in this goal but behind the high walls of his ‘villa’, was an unfulfilled William Thornhill after losing his friends and ultimately, his son Dick, who sympathise to the indigenous way of life. He became like the gentry, but not quite. He possessed the land, the house, the servants, but not the respect. The scars of his past were embedded on his name–William Thornhill, who was once a waterman, illiterate and an ex-convict. The Secret River has diverse representations of gender, class and race that have been successfully constructed in each character through the use of narrative devices.Sal represents those women who stood up for their family, in spite of the tagged inferiorities built by the society through the years especially in the nineteenth century and the earlier times. Scabby Bill and Long Jack represent the two different approach of their race on colonisation of the Europeans. Their values differ, just as the settlers’ views had towards them. Blackwood amongst all the others respects the Aboriginals, while Smasher had no heart for these people and treated them like animals.William Thornhill as the novel’s protagonist did not have a certain representation. His whole character was constructed based on his life back in London that resulted in a change of values as he found himself flourishing in his new ‘Home’. This novel lets the readers engage themselves in each of the representations effectively through Thornhill’s limited omniscient point of view. We tend to judge the differences in gender, in every class and in every race through what the society has already built on people as time goes by.However, Kate Grenville gave us a wider view of how each of these people ended up the way they were before, and the way they are in present time. As a migrant myself, I can compare myself with Sal, above all the characters. Migration wasn’t a part of our plan, but if that leads us to a better life, why not endure the circumstances? At the end of the day, every sacrifice and effort will be worth it. However, I believe that I will never end up the way Thornhill had– a wealthy man with a ‘villa’, without a peace of mind.

Campaign Speech Essay Sample

To my darling instructors. fellow pupils. campaigners. the module and staffs. and to our invitee. a pleasant twenty-four hours to all! First and first. I’d like to take this chance to thank you for being here. for your clip. for leting me to portion my thoughts. and for holding this election. without your presence this election wouldn’t be of great success. Actually. I’m out or words right now. as I stare at you guys because I’m imposingly mesmerized by how gorgeous and fine-looking my audience are that I could barely retrieve what I was supposed to state. As I stand here in forepart of you. I know most of us know my intent of talking in such a large crowd. I’m here to present myself among those who don’t cognize me. By the manner I am ( insert name ) . I’m on my ( twelvemonth ) of analyzing ( class ) . I’d like to run in the place of going your following pupil president. For the past old ages. I’ve been a dedicated pupil with a passionate bosom to function others. As a pupil. I know the demands of my fellow pupils and that most of us wants to see betterment in this school. If a given a opportunity to go your president. I will do certain that what most of us wants would be implemented. One of my platforms is to implement a systematic registration procedure. This is ever the job we pupils encounter during registration and so holding a systemized process and stairss could do us avoid fuss and questions. Another is the changeless updates of proclamations and posting calendar of activities through Bulletin Boards and other ways so that bulk will cognize the approaching activities. I have tonss of thoughts for the improvement of the bulk. I may non province them one by one ‘cause that may tire you and besides I don’t want to do this address any longer. One thing’s for certain that I will make my really best to go to to your demands and wants. I will non assure anything for a promise is merely a word of award. but I will certainly be committed and that is far greater than a promise. Now that you have heard my platform. the determination is yours. to vote or non to vote. Be certain. ballot sagely.

Ancient Greek Athletics of Pentathlon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ancient Greek Athletics of Pentathlon - Essay Example As the Greek term pentathlon suggests, in the Ancient Greek pentathlon, athletes competed in five items which included a wrestling competition, a sprint item or a race the length of the stadium, long jump, discus throw, and javelin throw. Some significant questions arise in this background. Why were there no individual events for discus, javelin and long jump in the ancient Olympics Why were these events limited to the combined pentathlon event The answers to these questions lead one to the ultimate conclusion that the different items of the pentathlon were not just some sports events, but rather they are very distinctly linked to the social and cultural systems of the Greeks which gave primary importance to the development and the progress of the citizens. All these competition items were opportunity for the Greek valiant men for expression of their sheer quality. This Ancient Greek athletics were very much part of the Greek tradition and through the epic tradition of the Greeks one can find examples of their pertinent importance in their culture. The real importance of these athletic competitions may be measured on the basis of the question of prestige and the glorification of the athletes in the pentathlon. To the mighty Greeks, who was the prime most race of the world in their age, pentathlon presented with an opportunity to express their greatness as a prestigious groups or a particularly important people. It may be argued that while these competitions provided the Greeks with an opportunity to achieve personal glory and might in a culture which ranked excellence of physical strength and valor, there has been greater value to these athletic items in the preservation of the state's interest which is, of course, the well being and advancement of the citizens who are benefited from the physical effort they invest in pentathlon. However, the more significant value of the pentathlon was that the events aimed at the overall progress of the Greeks contributing to its rich cultural and social systems. Pentathlon consists of five items - Discuss (Diskos), Javelin (Halma), Long Jump (Akon), Running (Stadion) and Wrestling (Pale). These items were linked to the progress of the individual and they are related with the social and cultural systems which emphasized the glorification of individuals in every sphere. Thus, the events were performed together rather than individually. "The Olympic games were not proving grounds for real combat The games were more symbolic, religious, and entertaining. Unlike hoplite, team-style warfare, the ancient Olympics were individual sports which allowed an individual Greek to win glory." (Gill). There are myths about the pentathlon which establish Jason, the leader of the Argonauts, as the originator of pentathlon. In the year 708 BCE, pentathlon became an Olympic event. It was in the 18th Olympiad that the pentathlon was introduced. The events in pentathlon ensured the developments of the chief skills of the individual which make one national hero and the example of Odysseus who was successful in every event in the pentathlon proves this social as well as cultural focus of the pentathlon. The role of pentathlon in arousing the national pride and prestige of the Greeks has its testimonies in the epics of the Greeks. Thus, in the Homer's Odyssey, one finds evidence of pentathlon

Consider theoretical interpretations of the 'uncanny' in relation to Movie Review

Consider theoretical interpretations of the 'uncanny' in relation to the British film THE WICKER MAN andor DON'T LOOK NOW - Movie Review Example For Freud, then, this is the origin of the terror that has come to be associated with things that are 'uncanny'. It should be clear from the above that, if we are to apply the notions of the uncanny to the horror film genre, then we must be quite precise about which theoretical formulation of the uncanny we are to apply. If we are to follow Jentsch's lead, and suppose that the uncanny arises purely from a cognitive lacuna, an absence knowledge, then we could say that the uncanny is utilized by almost every example of horror film. Horror relies on the unknown to create its atmosphere of terror; for example, it relies on the audience not knowing precisely when the ax-wielding murderer is about to leap out from behind the sofa. But surely this kind of scare is not precisely the same as a feeling we can call 'uncanny'. Halloween and Nightmare on Elm Street may be very effective in making us scream (as too, I suppose is Scream), but we do not exit the cinema with a residual feeling of uneasiness that one might call 'uncanny.' As such we must come to the same conclusion that Schneider does in his st udy of the uncanny in film horror: "since not every monster that successfully instills in us a sense of horror or uncanniness is 'categorically interstitial,...incomplete, or formless,' cognitive threat could not be a necessary condition of uncanny feelings." In other words, we should turn to Freud's work and accept that the concept of the uncanny includes an element of repression, that this particular type of fear arises only when something we have repressed begins to make its influence felt once more in the forefront of our consciousness. If we do so, then the examples available to us from film history become much less common, and we must narrow our field down to the few that display a more subtle talent for terror. Nicolas Roeg's Don't Look Now and Robert Hardy's The Wicker Man, are two such works and, something that is hardly coincidental, are both considered cinematic greats of the horror genre. Their critical acclaim stems, in part, from their ability to create unease, as well as outright terror. They work on the level not just of film aesthetics, but of psychical processes. Before I begin our discussion of the two films in question, it may be helpful to orientate them in relation to Freud's seminal 1919 work, "The Uncanny". As we have already discussed, the point where Freud parts company with Jentsch is on the origin of the feeling of the uncanny. After an exhaustive study of the definition of the word un-heimlich in German, Freud comes to the conclusion that its meaning has evolved in such a way that, as well as meaning something that is un-homely (i.e. something untamed, frightening), it is also something that "ought to has remained hidden but has come to light" (156). It is also (and here Freud analyzes

Q 4 week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Q 4 week 4 - Essay Example All the departmental heads should be encouraged to share their views and ideas and effectively communicate the same to the top level management. Also, the employees should be encouraged to generate and share their ideas, views and concerns and facilitate the sharing of such information through establish effective channels of communication. These strategies should be well suited to combat disaster recovery management in case of drastic deviance from the targeted goals and ensure adequate measures to enable business continuity. The sharing of information and ideas facilitates greater and smoother functioning of the organization as a whole, and faster achievement of its goals and aims, thus the top level management should be entrusted with the authority to design and develop appropriate information sharing communication channels across all departments of the organization. The process of converting an organizational strategy into actionable and achievable goals involves rigorous implementation of project management methodologies and application of critical strategic measures developed at the organizational levels to prevent any deviances from the stated goals / objectives. Leadership plays a significant role in the process as well, as it is the leadership qualities and the sheer grit and determination of the leader, his faith in his visions and the ability to execute his dreams into realizable and achievable goals that ensures timely and successful fulfillment of the common organizational goals. Various significant concepts and tools applied in the simulation that could be used for development of a strategic plan include, assessing the internal and external factors critical for organizational success, developing of appropriate long term organizational objectives and strategies to achieve the same, conducting SWOT analysis, Matched Pair Analysis etc to analyze the

Should abortions be legal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Should abortions be legal - Essay Example Many people justify abortion on the basis of the fact that the choice of abortion lies in the hands of the mother but many ethical groups argue against this issue. They present with the fact that abortion is basically the killing of a living being and hence it is morally unjustified. Abortion is an important subject and it may be considered to be legally justified in cases where the life of the mother is at stake and in other extreme cases but abortion with no strong grounds should not be permitted legally. The rise in the population of the world has resulted in the utilization of different methods of contraception. The usage of these methods is to prevent unwanted pregnancies and childbirths. Abortion is also a technique utilized for the avoidance of an unwanted pregnancy. Abortion is defined as the ending of the pregnancy by choice which results in the death of the products of conception (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). The procedure of abortion is utilized for different reasons which include family planning, contraception as well as putting a control on the population. A more important purpose of abortion is for saving the pregnant woman from life threatening emergencies that may result if the pregnancy is continued. There are different techniques utilized for carrying out the procedure of abortion. These include the administration of drugs which result in the expulsion of the fetus. The second technique is the surgical intervention whereby abdominal surgery is performed to remove the fetus. The last method is the insertion of surgical instruments through the cervix for removal of the fetus (Willke, 1985). The procedure of abortion is legalized in the United States. Despite of this legalization, the procedure is losing its popularity. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States, there was a subsequent reduction of a percentage of 3.8 in the ratio of abortion between the years 1999 and 2000 (Elam-Evans et al 2003). Furthermor e, the younger generation has also shown its support for the anti-abortion laws and youths in the United States have expressed of the fact that the procedure of abortion should be legally unjustified until and unless the pregnancy becomes life threatening for the mother. Abortion has been viewed as a negative procedure which tends to lead to the death of a potential life and it is argued to be equivalent to a murder (Hayt, 2003). Thus, the subject of abortion has become an important subject and though it has been legalized, there have been many arguments to reconsider this decision owing to the fact that it yields no good to the society. References Top of Form Elam-Evans, L. D., Strauss, L. T., Herndon, J., Parker, W. Y., Bowens, S. V., Zane, S., Berg, C. J., ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (January 01, 2003). Abortion surveillance--United States, 2000.Mmwr. Surveillance Summaries : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries / Cdc,  52,  12, 1- 32. Hayt, Elizabeth.(2003, March 30). Surprise, Mom: I'm Against Abortion. The New York Times. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/30/style/surprise-mom-i-m-against-abortion.html Bottom of Form Part II: Anti-Thesis Abortion is an issue that arose and became a subject central to debates in the United States in the second half of the twentieth century. The Supreme Court of the United States took a final stand on the issue and the procedure of abortion was legalized in the year 1973 following the legal case of Roe v Wade.

International HR and Organizational Behavior Essay

International HR and Organizational Behavior - Essay Example 131). When Japanese firms, as suggested by the two authors, face similar institutional forces, they have developed different levels of the organizational capabilities required to effectively use their resources in international competition. In most Japanese Firms, the HR or the firms' resources and capabilities emphasizes the management of the internal environment of the firm as a key to competitiveness. These are called "the fixed, firm-specific input factors of production. The subject organizational learning has been of frequent study in the literature as a system that significantly assists the survival of small firms. In United Kingdom's manufacturing firms, it has been studied that entrepreneurial firms use higher-order (or double-loop) learning. Moreover, it has been also found that higher-order learning greatly influences definite managerial competencies. Firms were able to manage information more effectively than non-entrepreneurial firms. In persuading small firms to increase their commitment to employee and organizational development, the UK government has adopted the philosophy of organizational learning (Fryer 1997). ... This is the Lifelong Learning that is composed and implemented in four policy initiatives: New Deal, the University for Industry, Individual Learning Accounts, and the National Grid for Learning. Even though these methods proved to offer benefits, some authors still suggest to add the caution that there is very limited empirical data in the academic literature to substantiate any claims about how and why organizational learning actually contributes towards enhancing organizational performance (Badger et al. 2001). National Differences: Does it matter With the rise of globalization and internationalization of businesses, comes a challenge of a potential culture collision. Firms involve in the international business have the tendency to retain many aspects of their original national culture bias in their global trades. As a result, firms should look forward to ever more cross-cultural exchanges in striving to reach agreements that are both understandable and meaning to both negotiators. For an international business to prosper, it has to successfully manage and anticipate the impact of cultural differences prior to venturing. National difference is an intangible factor that might cause Multinational Firms to either be successful or otherwise. Misunderstanding and misinterpretations are just two things that are inevitable in cross-cultural dealings and thus require proper conflict management. Even though most international joint ventures succeed, it can never be denied that cultural factors still continue to surface and cause problems in more understated and indirect ways. In joint ventures, it becomes the problem of the managers in resolving everyday conflicts with coworkers from other

Ethnics studies 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethnics studies 2 - Essay Example Another police officer (Matt Dillon) perceives that a light-skinned woman but actually from the black race (Thandie Newton) is white. Racial discrimination is also evident when a white producer says that black character "doesnt sound black enough," to the black TV director (Terrence Dashon Howard) it never occurs to him that even the executive doesnt also sound "sound black," either. These characters say precisely what they think about the other race, without the filters of political appropriateness. The district attorneys wife is so terrified by the encounter on the street that she is forced to change the locks, she then has a feeling that the locksmith will get back with his gang to attack the family. The white policeman is not able to access to health concern for his vanishing father, and thus sets to accuse the black woman at his HMO that she is intriguing gain of privileged ethnic treatment. When the Iranian is not able to comprehend what the locksmith is trying to tell him, he becomes insecure, and gets a gun for personal defense. In the recent world, white elites’ fabricated race and racial discrimination to defend their supremacy and that of the white people in general. The whites’ have acknowledged the privileges they get from the structure and helped sustain it. The problem does not arise from the personality prejudices that are present in a variety of ways in all groups but from white race superiority, which is articulated not only by persons but also in universal and institutional behaviors. There is tiny insinuation of such perception in the film, which makes it specifically more hazardous in a white-dominated culture in which white people are enthusiastic to keep away from confronting the dispensation. Crash is white supremacist for the reason that it tries to cover up the certainty of white

The Problem with Polygamy in Indonesia Essay Example for Free

The Problem with Polygamy in Indonesia Essay Introduction Polygamy in Indonesia is legal. A man is permitted to have as many as four wives under the Muslim law. But Despite the low incident of polygamy in Indonesia, it has been a central issue in relations between the Indonesia women, and the state in the twentieth century. Indonesia women’s organizations have long wanted the state to legislate on this matter, yet it was most reluctant to do so until the passage of the marriage Law in 1974. After that the fire went out of the issue as far as women’s organizations were concerned, although â€Å"in very recent years† there has been a revival of interest. With respect to marital status, the census report stated that â€Å"among Indonesians† 75% of the adults’ males, and 68% of the adults’ females were married. However the number of married females was higher than the number of married adult males. The difference, amounting to 424,588 persons was in part due to the existence of polygamy. For Indonesia, approximately 25 % of the men had more than one wife (Salim 9). Why Polygamy Is Considered Wrong In Indonesia Indonesia women’s concern about polygamy are a complex mixture, touching on economic, emotional, social, sexual, moral, legal and religious aspect of marriage. The core of women’s concern was the threat of polygamy to a wife’s love and self esteem. Men have been given power to do what they want yet women are the ones suffering. When a husband took what is almost a younger girl as a new wife, repugnance at having to share a husbands sexual life with another women, and the threat to the economic basis of marriage when resources had to be spread amongst more wives and children. Women in a polygamous marriage always feel inferior towards other women in the same marriage and it often lead to jealousy, frustration and at times death (Day 28-29). Why Some Women Still Prefer Polygamy Relationships Some women still prefer polygamous relationship, if the man they are involved is a person of high position in a society. Sometimes you will hear women saying that it’s better to be married as a third wife to a rich man than a first wife to a poor man. That’s why at times you find women getting into these unions, maybe because of money, or a high position that a man holds. Women have been known to be associated in this form of relationship without caring. We can conclude that this mostly happens due to marriage security purposes (Survival). Better incomes would mean that these women could get married according to their choice and reduce the economic pressure experienced by women and children in polygamous marriages. Is Polygamy Related To Gender Discrimination In Indonesia? Ant-polygamist in Indonesia view polygamy as fundamentally undemocratic institution that perpetuates the subordination of women to men, and violates women’s basic rights. Unlike other issues, polygamy touches on a range of issues relating to gender difference, most particularly that of power within marriage. The practice of multiple marriages occurs only in families where the husband holds tremendous power, while the wife and children are in a powerless position. In other words, it is seen as a form of violence against women and children, and that Indonesia law continues to discriminate against women in allowing polygamy to exist in any form. Why should a man be privileged to have more than one legal sexual partner while women were prevented to have more than one legal sexual partner? Women in these relationships are also prevented from getting out of this relationship in case of violence, due to lack of immediate access to divorce (Susan 110-113). Conclusion Throughout the years, education and legal reforms have been regarded by most interested parties as the best ways of dealing with the problems associated with polygamy. They are viewed as the best in addressing the social causes and consequences. Since the state is heavily involved in education and legislation, it clearly has a role to play in dealing with the polygamy menace. Work Cited Day, Tony. Identifying with Freedom: Indonesia after Suharto. New York: Berghahn Books, 2007. Print. Susan Blackburn. Women and the State in Modern Indonesia. UK: Cambridge University Press 2004 .print Salim, Arskal. Sharia and Politics in Modern Indonesia. Singapore: Inst. of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003. Print.

Advantages, Disadvantages: Electronic Record Systems

Advantages, Disadvantages: Electronic Record Systems In the recent past there has been a significant emphasis for the need to implement Electronic Medical Record systems. However, the benefits and shortcomings of these systems need to be evaluated (Amenwert et al. 2004) and a sufficient evidence base gathered using a well structured scientific approach to justify the change and measure the organizational impact (Wager et al. 2000). This essay will address the benefits and challenges of implementing Electronic Record Systems. It will look at applications of these systems in different care settings located in different environments so as to provide a broader view of some of the issues. The roles of the various stakeholders as well as the benefits and challenges they derive from electronic health records will be outlined and a detailed evaluation of paper records and electronic records will be done. Conclusions will then be made based on this analysis. BACKGROUND In context of health care, electronic record systems can be defined as any structured record keeping system, specifically designed to support users by providing context specific information which is electronically accessible, relevant, easily transferable, accurate and complete. These records will usually hold information regarding patients care histories, non specific clinical data, medical knowledge or other health care centered information. (Coiera 2003) As the scope is very broad and Electronic Health Records (EHR) has not been well defined (Hayrinen et al. 2008a), the definition used was limited to EHR and allied systems such as Picture Archiving Systems (PACS), Pharmacy Management Systems, Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) amongst other systems used day to day in a clinical setting. These areas are well documented and evidence easily obtainable (Clamp Keen 2005) Role of electronic records and patient Information in population based care A study carried out by Qresearch utilized electronic records extensively with an aim to report on population trends and disease risk factors. The analysis covered a 5 year period and was able to establish that in the UK, London had the highest percentage of patients recorded as being smokers at 25% and the lowest in the South East and South West at 20%. It also established that majority of the smokers ranged from 25-34 years of age across all regions. (Qresearch- NHS 2008). The information obtained provided a platform for decision making to determine the interventions to be undertaken, where resources should be focused and to whom it should target. This kind of data mining is only possible when data is electronically stored (Bocij and chaffey, 2005) as paper records suffer from massive fragmentation (Dick et al. 1997) making it difficult to bring all the data for analysis. It has also been established that manual methods would be ineffective to deal with such large data sets and the multi dimensional analysis required (Fayyad 1996). The ability to perform such operations is a strong argument for electronic record adoption in decision support and knowledge discovery for population based interventions (Kraft et al. 2002). Furthermore, electronic records encourage consistent recording of clinical information and this becomes a key component when aggregating individual records to form datasets. Use of clinical codes allows relevant data to be derived from these unified datasets enabling reliable analysis across different sites. This in effect is key in providing specific information for health research as well as in public health planning (Ambinder 2005) Keeping in line with Pawsons model for context specific evaluation the literature was reviewed by looking at studies done in various sites represented on table 1 and later highlighting advantages and disadvantages to various stakeholders identified. General practitioners General practitioners are the initial point of contact between clinicians and patients, they play a pivotal role in ensuring that a patientÃÆ' ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s Electronic record is accurate, complete and current (Dick et al. 1997). As direct users of Electronic records, GPs benefit from the linkage of these record systems to other systems such as PACS or CPOE. Requests for ancillary care services can be done at a click of a button and results for tests can be accessed immediately they become available. This in effect enhances the completeness of patient records as they are updated in real time (Ambinder 2005) reducing the GPs administrative load as well as accurately populating records for future encounters (Wager et al. 2000). Additionally, GPs are able to view different aspects of a patients care at a glance, preventing duplication in testing or medication and reducing costs (Jones et al. 2008). Attention can also be drawn to areas that require GPs action through medical alerts thereb y guiding the clinician in the disbursement of care (Coiera 2003). In effect, this increases the efficiency of the GP and a study done in the Veterans Association has shown electronic records has allowed patients information to be available 100% of the time as opposed to 60% of the time reducing the amount of sessions required to resolve patient issues (Wilson 2009) this, as well as enhance patient safety through, for instance, reduced prescription errors (Kaushal et al. 2001) Unfortunately, there is a substantial learning curve and clinicians require training to use these systems (Anderson 2007). GPs may spend substantial amounts of time inputting and retrieving data from these systems at the expense of interacting with their patients (Poissant et al. 2005). As information grows exponentially there is also a fear of clinicians becoming overwhelmed due to the explosion of information (Berner 2005) and the paradigm shift in culture also presents opportunities for resistance to change (Hendy 2005). System usability is also a major concern when dealing with electronic records. Young (2006) argues that this has been a major deterrent to widespread adoption of these systems. Patients and their carers In the UK, The NHS care record service is responsible for holding Electronic records for all UK citizens centrally (NHS 2008a). There is policy in place that will see all patientsÃÆ' ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ summary records being held nationally and detailed records held locally within the various GP practices (NHS 2008a). This in effect will lighten the burden to the patients and their carers of having to remember the list of drugs, allergies or adverse reactions they may have encountered in the past (Jones et al. 2008).This will reduce the risk from adverse events and near misses that can occur from wrong administration of medication through prescription errors and increase the amount of confidence patients will have on their clinicians (Jones et al. 2008). Furthermore, In the UK, Patients will also be able to view their own summary care records via health space (Greenhalgh et al. 2010) and ensure their records are complete and accurate leading to better patient outcomes (Waegemann et al. 2002 ). Additionally, in emergencies, where GPs may not be readily available, rapid access to the patientÃÆ' ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s medical history can reduce the time taken to provide critical care (Potts et al. 2004) Ultimately, the main benefit to patients will be increased quality of care and patient safety through increased choice in their care options (Eysenbach Jadad 2001). This will largely be due to portability of these records across different care functions allowing for access by a variety of clinicians. Unlike paper records, electronic records are easily and readily accessible due to the interconnection of systems through networks making them vulnerable to unauthorized access (Berner 2005) This brings a set of legal challenges as to who has access to this information (Delpierre 2004). Under the UK data protection act of 1997 and the privacy act of 1974 in the USA, data about patients is protected by law (Koeller 2002). However, with records widely distributed and at times held by third parties adequate legislation needs to be put in place and security measures such as firewalls and audit trails need to be implemented to protect this data. This raises complexities in implementation as well as expands cost (Koeller 2002) Health service teams and clinicians Health service teams such as pharmacists alongside other health care professional benefit immensely when records are easily shareable and quickly available (Wager et al. 2000) This is information can be used to reconcile medication lists as well as provide key information to multi disciplinary health professionals in a secondary care setting where information is fragmented and spread across different care pathways (Miller Sim 2004). This will reduce clinical risk as well as save time and associated costs (Koeller 2002). Furthermore, the problem inherent in paper records of ineligible notes becomes nonexistent (Schloefell et al. 2001). Coding systems in electronic records also avoids incidents of ambiguity that may be present in free text during care episodes (Dick et al. 1997). On the other hand, there is currently no universal standard for indexing and coding clinical information (Schloefell et al. 2001) this in effect is a challenge to health teams who may have difficulty in accessing patients data across different system platforms (Schloefell et al. 2001)The lack of unanimity in creating uniform standards leads to interoperability across physicians systems, hospitals and pharmacies (Wilson 2009). This limits the amount of choices available to patients and adds unnecessary difficulty to health teams when such incidences occur. Health providers, and allied organizations In the UK health providers such as health trusts and Strategic Health Authorities derive their benefits as a result of benefits derived from patients and health care teams (Jones et al. 2008). Other gains are made from quantifying resources not utilized as a result of implementing EHRs (Byrne et al. 2010) these benefits accrue and are reflected as cost savings to these authorities. Funds realized as a result of these savings allow for better planning on both macro and micro levels with resources efficiently allocated to interventions that have greater impact on the populace (Jones et al. 2008). Furthermore, organizations concerned in medical research benefit immensely when records are electronically stored. The nature of the record allows for data to be easily derived for specific research purposes for learning and for use by other allied institutions with minimal overhead (Mathers et al. 2009). Alternatively, the cost, size and complexity of implementing these systems are prohibitive (Hendy 2005). Many health providers such as the NHS in the UK meet many of these costs. According to the Donabedian perspective, the inputs required in setting up a working electronic record system are both time and cost intensive (Koeller 2002). Infrastructure in terms of hardware and software, expertise, training and associated costs are high especially when these are scaled to a national level (Cressman et al. 2006). In the UK 105BN pounds has been allocated to the NHS for 2010/2011 fiscal year (DoH 2010) and $19BN has been allocated for the year 2011 to promote the adoption of EHR in the USA (Wilson 2009). This however is seen to be inadequate and further investments needs to be done. Comparison of Electronic and paper records physical and described as being material objects with concrete locations, attachments and marking (Bearman 1996). Data is usually handwritten and takes the forms of Narrative text in most instances forms can also be used to insert data. Data entry lacks validation and prone to errors. Conclusions The literature reviewed provides evidence that supports adoption of electronic health records. An analysis of the literature as represented on table 1 showed good evidence indicating improvement of patient safety and increase in efficiency of clinical staff as a result of implementing EHR. Evidence showing an increase in information quality was mainly qualitative and cost benefit analysis was scarce and hard to find. Future benefits and cost savings were predictive at best and were mostly attached to reduction in risk to patients and the assumed calculation of costs savings associated with this. Hayrinen et al. (2008b) stated electronic health systems are as yet not properly defined and methods to evaluate these systems are still not well developed as a result. This in effect raises major concerns, the first being the sustainability of these systems over the long term, the safety of the patients and the quality of information provided (Coiera 2009). As we move forward, systems are becoming larger and more complex and the cost to benefits have major implications to the national GDP of most countries implementing a nationwide health strategy. It is in this respect that the top down approach adopted by the NHS has been favored to the bottom up approach or sporadic approaches in other parts of the world (Cressman et al. 2006). This approach aims to reduce incompatibility in data reconciliation across systems which not only hinders the continuity of patient care but also makes deriving data in a coordinated and timely manner for use in public health highly complex. However, both systems are challenged and other arguments have been made that favor a middle out approach where local institutions drive the process but with oversight from governing bodies who set the standards and policy to guide it (Coiera 2009).